Morin Problem 10.1

Physics · mechanics

Problem

Which way down? There are actually (at least) four possible definitions for the point "below" you on the ground: (1) the point that lies along the line between you and the center of the earth, (2) the point that lies along the direction of the earth's gravitational force, (3) the point where a hanging plumb bob rests (that is, the point that lies along the direction of the effective gravitational force), and (4) the point where a dropped object hits the ground. The third definition is the most reasonable, because it defines the upward direction in which buildings are constructed. At any rate, the third and fourth definitions are the only ones you can make any practical use of. The third differs from the second due to the centrifugal force, which makes geffg_{eff} point in a slightly southward direction (in the northern hemisphere) relative to the gravitational force gg. It additionally differs from the first due to the fact that gg isn't radial (see the first remark at the end of Section 10.2.2). And it differs from the fourth due to the Coriolis force, which causes a falling object to be deflected slightly eastward. Note that all four definitions are equivalent at the poles. And the first three are equivalent at the equator.

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