When the engine of a vehicle containing a lead–acid battery is running, the lead–acid battery is charged up by the following reactions:
anode: PbSO4(s)+2H2O(l)→PbO2(s)+2e−+4H+(aq)+SO42−(aq)
cathode: PbSO4(s)+2e−→Pb(s)+SO42−(aq)
Lead(II) sulfate occurs as an insoluble coating on the surface of both metal electrodes.