IPhO 2017 Problem 3

Physics · mechanics · fluid-mechanics

Problem

Theory T3 English (Official) ρ R R(t) s a(t) R(t) = a(t)R s a˙ 2 kc2 ( a ) = A 1 ρ(t) − R2a2(t) s k c page 1 of 5 Theory T3 English (Official) A 1 2 ρ(t)c ρ˙ + A 2 (ρ + ( c p 2 )) a a ˙ = 0 here p denotes the pressure on the sphere. A 2 p = p(ρ) p(t)/c2 = wρ(t) w H =a˙/a t 0 ρ 0 H 0 a 0 a 0 = 1 w k = 0 a(t) a(t = 0) = 0 a = 1 0 k k = +1 k = 0 k = −1 2 2 Ω = ρ/ρ ρ c =H /A c c 1 A 1 page 2 of 5 Theory T3 English (Official) k Ω H a R 0 Ω k = +1 k = 0 k = −1 (Ω(t) − 1) (Ω(t) − 1) (Ω(t) − 1) ≪ 1. (a¨ > 0) −1 (d(aH) /dt < 0) ϵ = −H˙ /H 2 ϵ < 1 ϵ < 1 ϵ = 1 N dN = dlna = Hdt N = 0 ϕ(t) ϕ¨ +3Hϕ˙ = −V′ ′ ∂V V = V(ϕ) V = ∂ϕ page 3 of 5 Theory T3 English (Official) H2 = 1 1ϕ˙2 +V 3M p 2 l [2 ] Mpl V ϕ ˙2 /2 ϕ ¨ ¨ ˙ ϵ η = δ + ϵ δ = −ϕ/(Hϕ) V ϵ η dN/dϕ V(ϕ) V ′ ″ V V page 4 of 5 Theory T3 English (Official) n s ± r r = 16ϵ n = 1 + 2η − 6ϵ ϕ =ϕ s V start 4 ϕ n V(ϕ) =Λ n Λ (Mpl ) ϕ end r n n s n r n N s page 5 of 5

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